Mechanical seals anoita basa rakakosha mukushanda uye hupenyu hurefu hwemidziyo inotenderera, ichiita sedombo repakona reine fluid mukati me masisitimu umo shaft inotenderera inopfuura nepaimba yakamira.Vachizivikanwa nekubudirira kwavo mukudzivirira kudonha, zvisimbiso zvemuchina chikamu chakakosha cheakasiyana maindasitiri ekushandisa kubva pamapombi kusvika kumasanganisi.Kurongeka kwavo kune nuanced, zvichitsamira pane akawanda ma paramita anosanganisira dhizaini hunhu, zvinhu zvinoshandiswa, uye mamiriro ekushanda, kungotaura mashoma.Ichi chinyorwa chinoongorora kuoma kwe mechanical seal classification, ichipa misiyano yakajeka pakati pemhando dziripo uye ichijekesa kuti imwe neimwe inokodzera sei mabasa chaiwo.Kune mainjiniya nenyanzvi dzeindasitiri vari kutsvaga kudzamisa kunzwisisa kwavo kwezvikamu izvi kana kune avo vanosarudza chisimbiso chakakodzera kune zvavanoda, kuongorora munzvimbo ino kuchave kunokosha.Sunungura nyika yakaomesesa yemakanika zvisimbiso nesu sezvatinofamba kuburikidza neakasiyana-siyana maitiro uye zvinorehwa neimwe neimwe inotakura mukushanda kwemaindasitiri.
Classification by Design Features
Pusher Type Mechanical Seals
Mechanical zvisimbiso zvinhu zvakakosha mumidziyo yakasiyana-siyana yemaindasitiri, kuve nechokwadi chemukati memvura uye kudzivirira kubuda.Chikamu chakakosha mukati mezvisimbiso izvi pusher type mechanical seals.Izvi zvisimbiso zvinoratidzwa nekugona kwavo kuchengetedza kusangana nezviso zvechisimbiso kuburikidza neane simba yechipiri yekuisa chisimbiso chinhu, kazhinji O-ring kana V-ring.Chinosiyanisa pusher mhando zvisimbiso kubva kune vamwe hunhu hwavo hwekuchinja;vanotsiva kupera nekusarongeka panguva yekushanda ne'kusundidzira' chechipiri chisimbiso padivi pe shaft kana sleeve kuchengetedza chisimbiso chekuisa chisimbiso.
Imwe yemabhenefiti avo kugona kugadzirisa kutarisana nekupfeka uye mutsauko mukumanikidzwa kwekamuri yekusimbisa pasina kurasikirwa nekubudirira.Kugadziriswa uku kunoita kuti ive yakakodzera kune zvikumbiro uko shanduko dzakadai dzakajairwa, kusimudzira hupenyu hwemidziyo uye kuvimbika.
Nekudaro, chinomisikidzwa ndechekuti pasi pekudzvanyirira kwakanyanya, pane njodzi yekuti chisimbiso chechipiri chinogona kupfuudzwa mugevha rekugezera pakati peshaft nenzvimbo dzekunyorera dzepombi imba kana isina kugadzirwa zvakanaka kana kutsigirwa.
Pusher type mechanical seals, saka, inopa chiyero pakati pekuchinjika uye kusimba mumashandisirwo ari pakati nepakati asi inoda kunyatsotariswa mune yakakwirira-kudzvanywa mamiriro kuti ive nechokwadi chekuenderera kwekuita uye kuchengetedzeka.
Kwete-Pusher Type Mechanical Seals
Non-pusher type mechanical seals iboka rakasiyana rekuisa chisimbiso zvigadziriso zvinoshanda pasina kushandiswa kwesimba rechipiri rekuisa chisimbiso zvinhu zvinofamba axially padivi pe shaft kana sleeve kuchengetedza chisimbiso kutarisana.Izvi zvisimbiso zvakagadzirirwa kutsiva chero kupfeka uye kusarongeka kuburikidza nekushanduka-shanduka kwemaitiro avo, ayo anowanzo sanganisira zvinhu zvakaita semabhero kana zvimwe zvimiro zve elastic.
Mune zvisimbiso zvisiri-pusher, kusungirirwa kwechisimbiso kunochengetedzwa nekunyungudika kweiyo bellows unit pane yekunze nzira inosundidzira chisimbiso zviso pamwe chete.Iyi ficha inovabvumidza kunyatso kugashira mutambo wekupedzisira uye kumhanya-kunze pasina kuendesa mitoro yakawandisa pazviso zvechisimbiso, zvichitungamira kune chisimbiso chinowirirana uye chakavimbika pamusoro pemamiriro ekushanda akasiyana.
Aya marudzi ezvisimbiso anonyanya kubatsira mumamiriro ezvinhu apo kuderedza kukweshera uye kupfeka kwakakosha sezvo pasina o-ring inochinja inokonzera inogona kuturika kana kubvongodzwa pashaft kana sleeve.Ivo zvakare vanopa zvakakosha mabhenefiti maererano nekudzivirira kusvibiswa nekuti ivo havateye marara nyore nyore pakati pezvikamu zvinofamba, izvo zvakakosha mumaindasitiri uko kuchena kuri pamberi.
Kusavapo kwepusher-mhando meshini inoita kuti iyi kirasi yemakina zvisimbiso ive sarudzo yakanaka yeakakwira-kumhanya maapplication uye ayo anosanganisira anoora kana epamusoro-tembiricha emvura anogona kukanganisa mamwe echinyakare o-mhete kana wedge zvikamu.Kusimba kwesimba kunopesana nemamiriro ezvinhu akaoma kunoita kuti isiri-pusher mhando yemagetsi zvisimbiso zvakakosha mumabasa mazhinji emazuva ano emaindasitiri.
Zvisimbiso zvakaenzanirana
Munzvimbo yezvisimbiso zvemuchina, zvisimbiso zvakadzikama zvinomira pachena nekuda kwekugona kwavo kwepamusoro kugovera zvakaenzana masimba e hydraulic pazviso zvechisimbiso.Kusiyana nezvisimbiso zvisina kuenzana, izvo zvinowanzo tambura nekuremerwa kwechiso chepamusoro uye nekudaro zvinogona kubata chete misiyano mishoma yekumanikidza, yakadzikama mechanical zvisimbiso zvinonyatsogadzirwa kuti zvibate zvakanyanya-kudzvanya zvakanaka.Izvi zvinowanikwa nekushandura chimiro kana geometry yechisimbiso nenzira inoita kuti ikwanise kuenzanisa kudzvanywa pamativi ese echisimbiso chekuisa chisimbiso.
Chiyero ichi chinoderedza kudzvinyirirwa-kukonzeresa deformation yezviso zvekuisa chisimbiso, nekudaro kuwedzera hupenyu hwavo nekudzikisira kupisa kwakanyanya chizvarwa uye kupfeka.Inobvumirawo hupamhi hwekushanda kwehuwandu hwekushisa uye kudzvinyirira kwemvura.Nekuda kweizvozvo, zvisimbiso zvemichanicha zvakaringana zvinowanzovimbika uye zvinoenderana-siyana mukuda maapplication.Ivo vanosarudzwa zvichibva pane kugona kwavo mukugara kwakakosha axial uye radial mafambiro mukati mepombi midziyo uku ichichengetedza isina kusimba yekuisa chisimbiso kuita.
Tichiri kukurukura nyaya iyi, zvinova pachena kuti kusarudza pakati pemhando dzakadzikama uye dzisina kuenzana zvinonyanya kuenderana nezvinodiwa zvekushandisa zvinosanganisira kudzikiswa, hunhu hwemvura, uye zvimhingamipinyi zvemuchina.Zvisimbiso zvine mwero zvinoita basa remuenzaniso mukati menzvimbo dzakaomarara umo kuvimbika pasi pekupisa kwakanyanya uye kudzvanywa kwekumanikidza hakusi kungosarudzwa asi kwakakosha pakubudirira kwekushanda.
Zvisimbiso zvisina kuenzana
Unbalanced mechanical seals idhizaini yakakosha uko zviso zvechisimbiso zvinoratidzwa kune yakazara kudzvanywa kwepombi kana mudziyo wavari kudzivirira.Zvisimbiso izvi zvinoshanda nekubvumira chiso chimwe, chinowanzobatanidzwa kune shaft inotenderera, kudzvanya pakatarisana nechiso chakamira chine chitubu chinoshandisa simba kuchengetedza kubata.Dzvinyiriro iri muhurongwa inokonzeresa kusimba iri asi inogona zvakare kukuvadza kana ikapfuura mimwe miganhu;kudzvinyirirwa kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera deformation kana kupfeka zvakanyanya pazviso zvechisimbiso.
Chinhu chekutanga chechisimbiso chisina kuenzana ndechekuti simba rekuvhara rinowedzera zvakaenzana nekumanikidzwa kwemvura.Kunyange zvazvo inobudirira mukushandiswa kwepasi-kudzvinyirira, zvisimbiso zvisina kuenzana zvakatsanangura zvisingakwanisi - pavanenge vachishanda pasi pemamiriro ezvinhu e-high-pressure, vanogona kusangana nenyaya dzekuvimbika nekuda kwekuwedzera kwekudonha uye kuderedzwa kwehupenyu hwekushanda huchienzaniswa nemamwe magadzirirwo.
Ideal applications for unbalanced mechanical seals inowanzowanikwa munzvimbo umo kudzvinyirirwa kuri pakati nepakati uye hakuchinjike zvakanyanya.Nekuda kwekureruka kwavo dhizaini uye kudhura-kushanda, ivo vanoramba vakapararira mumaindasitiri akasiyana kune akawanda emazuva ese ekuisa chisimbiso muchina zvinodiwa.Paunenge uchitsanangura chisimbiso chisina kuenzana, kunyatsotariswa kunofanirwa kupihwa kumamiriro ekushanda akadai sekumanikidza, tembiricha, uye chimiro chemvura yakavharwa kuti ive nechokwadi chekushanda kwakakwana uye hupenyu hurefu.
Kurongeka neKuronga uye Kugadzirisa
Imwe (kuita) Mechanical Seals
Munzvimbo yeindasitiri yekuisa chisimbiso mhinduro, iyosingle mechanical chisimbisoinomira sechinhu chakakosha chakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kubuda kwemvura kubva kumidziyo inotenderera yakaita sepombi uye musanganiswa.Rudzi urwu rwechisimbiso rinowanzo kunzi 'single acting' kana kungoti 'single' mechaniki chisimbiso, nekuda kwedhizaini yaro iyo ine chisimbiso chimwechete musanganiswa.
Hunhu hwekutanga hwechisimbiso chemechanicha chete ndechekuti vane chiso chimwechete chakamira uye chimwe chinotenderera.Zviso izvi zvinodzvanywa pamwe chete nezvitubu - ingave chitubu chimwe chete kana akawanda madiki - uye anoumba iyo huru yekuisa chisimbiso chinotadzisa mvura kutiza kuburikidza nenzvimbo yepombi shaft.
Single mechanicha seals anoshandiswa zvakanyanya mukushandisa uko iyo process fluid haina kunyanya hutsinye kana ine ngozi.Ivo vanoshanda zvakanaka pasi pemamiriro asingade uye vanopa sarudzo yehupfumi yekuisa chisimbiso zvinodiwa, kuve nechokwadi chekuvimbika nekushomeka kwekugadzirisa zvinodiwa.
Kusarudzwa kwezvinhu zvezviso zvese kwakakosha kuti ienderane nenhepfenyuro iri kubatwa, hupenyu hurefu, uye kushanda.Zvishandiso zvakajairika zvinosanganisira kabhoni, ceramic, silicon carbide, uye tungsten carbide, pakati pezvimwe.Chechipiri chekuisa chisimbiso chinowanzo sanganisira elastomers seNBR, EPDM, Viton®, kana PTFE inoshandiswa mukugadzirisa kwakasiyana-siyana kugarisa mamiriro esevhisi akasiyana.
Uyezve, iyi kirasi yezvisimbiso inopa yakatwasuka yekuisa maitiro.Nekuda kwekureruka kwavo mukugadzira hukama nehurongwa hwakaoma hwakawanda-chisimbiso, single mechanical seals inoda nzvimbo shoma mukati meimba yemidziyo;Kubatana uku kunogona kubatsira mukudzoreredza midziyo yekare kana muzvigadziro zvine zvipingamupinyi zvenzvimbo.
Nekudaro, sezvo zvisimbiso zvimwechete zvichipa chipingamupinyi chimwe chete pakati pezvinwiwa zvemugadziriso nemhepo isina chero buffer system iripo, inogona kunge isingakodzere kune ine njodzi yekushandiswa inosanganisira mvura ine muchetura kana yakanyanya kunyungudika apo mamwe matanho ekuchengetedza anove akakosha.
Zvichiri kutekeshera mumaindasitiri mazhinji nekuda kwemutengo unoshanda uye kukwana kwakakwana kwekuita kweakasiyana mashandisirwo akajairwa;single (acting) mechanic seals inomiririra mhinduro yakakosha mukati meakawanda einjiniya maitiro.Nekusarudzwa kwakakodzera kwakagadzirirwa kune chaiwo mamiriro uye maitiro ekugadzirisa akakodzera anoteedzerwa nguva nenguva - idzi nzira dzekuisa chisimbiso dzinogona kupa mashandiro akavimbika uku ichideredza njodzi dzine chekuita nekubuda kwemvura.
Kaviri (kuita) Mechanical Seals
Zvisimbiso zvakapetwa kaviri (zvinoita) zvemuchina, zvakare zvinonzi zvakapetwa kana tandem mechanical seals, zvakagadzirirwa kubata zvinoda kuiswa chisimbiso apo zvisimbiso zvimwechete zvisina kukwana.Ivo vanopa imwezve chengetedzo kubva pakudonha uye inowanzo shandiswa muzvirongwa zvinosanganisira zvine njodzi, zvine muchetura, kana zvinodhura zvinwiwa uko kuchengetwa kwakakosha.
Zvisimbiso izvi zvinosanganisira zviso zviviri zvechisimbiso zvakaiswa kumashure-kumashure kana mukutarisa-kutarisana, zvichienderana nebasa razvo uye dhizaini yezvinodiwa.Nzvimbo iri pakati pemaseti maviri ezviso zvekuisa chisimbiso inowanzozorwa uye inodzorwa nebuffer fluid kana barrier fluid system.Mvura iyi inogona kudzvinyirirwa kana kusadzvanywa zvichibva pane zvinodiwa neapplication uye inoita semafuta ekuzora ukuwo ichishanda seimwe layer yekudzivirira kuvuza.
Kubatsira kwekaviri mechanical zvisimbiso ndiko kugona kwavo kudzivirira process fluid kubva pakuburitswa munzvimbo.Kana chisimbiso chekutanga chikatadza, chisimbiso chechipiri chinotora kuti chichengetedze chengetedzo kudzamara kugadzirisa kwaitwa.Uyezve, zvisimbiso izvi zvinogona kushanda pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakanyanya kusiyanisa uye hazvinyanyi kukanganiswa nekudengenyeka uye shaft misalignments zvichienzaniswa nezvisimbiso zvimwechete.
Zvisimbiso zvemachanicha maviri zvinoda mamwe masisitimu ebetsero akaomarara ekudzora nharaunda pakati pezvisimbiso zviviri, zvakaita sedhiza, pombi, chinotsinhanisa kupisa, uye kazhinji chinja chinja kana geji kana mvura inodzivirira ichishandiswa.Dhizaini yavo inovabvumidza kubata mamiriro ane kuchengetedzwa kwepamusoro asi inoda kunzwisiswa kwakakwana maererano nemaitiro ekuisa uye maitiro ekugadzirisa.Zvisinei nekuoma uku, kuvimbika kwakapetwa kaviri kwechisimbiso mumamiriro ezvinhu akaipisisa kunoita kuti zvive zvakakosha muzvikamu zvakawanda zveindasitiri sekugadzira makemikari, kugadzirwa kweoiri & gasi, uye kugadzirwa kwemishonga.
Kurongwa neRudzi rweMichina
Rubber Diaphragm Seals
Rubber diaphragm seals inomiririra chikamu chakasiyana muchikamu chemichini zvisimbiso nerudzi rwemuchina wavakagadzirirwa.Aya zvisimbiso anoshandiswa zvakanyanya uko kuderera kwekumanikidza uye tembiricha mamiriro anotonga, zvichiita kuti ive yakakodzera kune yakajairwa uye isiri-hasha yemvura yekuisa chisimbiso application.
Chimiro chikuru chinosiyanisa rubber diaphragm zvisimbiso kubva kune mamwe marudzi kushandisa kwavo elastic diaphragm - kazhinji inogadzirwa kubva murubha kana rubber-yakafanana zvinhu - iyo inobvumira kushanduka uye inobhadhara misiyano yakadai sekumisikidza pakati pekusunga zviso kana kupfeka.Iyi diaphragm inochinjika inonamirwa kune inotenderera chikamu chegungano uye inofamba axially kuti irambe yakabatana nechiso chakamira ichigadzira chisimbiso chine simba pasina kushandisa nzira dzakaoma.
Nekuda kwekureruka kwavo uye elasticity, zvisimbiso zverabha diaphragm zvakakodzerwa nemamiriro ezvinhu apo mamwe marudzi echisimbiso angakanganiswa nekufamba kana kukanganisa mukati memuchina.Kugona kwavo kuenderana nezvisina kurongeka kwete chete kunosimbisa kutendeka kwechisimbiso asiwo kunovandudza hupenyu hurefu uye kuvimbika.Kazhinji inowanikwa mumapombi, macompressor, uye midziyo inotenderera, zvisimbiso izvi zvinopa nyore kugadzika nekugadzirisa zvichiwedzera kuwedzera kune yavo inoshanda kukwezva.
Munhu anofanirwa kufunga kuti nepo hunhu uhu huchiita kuti rubber diaphragm zvisimbiso dzishande, huwandu hwadzo hwekushandisa hunodzorwa nemidziyo yeelastomer inoshandiswa.Zvinosiyana-siyana senge kuenderana kwemakemikari, kuoma, kushivirira kwekushisa, uye kuchembera pasi pemamiriro akasiyana ezvakatipoteredza ndizvo zvakakosha zvinotaridza kushanda uye hupenyu hwebasa rezvisimbiso izvi.
Muchidimbu, zvisimbiso zverabha diaphragm zvinopa mhinduro inoshanda yakarongedzerwa kune chaiwo mashini ekushandisa uko kuchinjika kune misiyano kunoita basa rakakosha mukuchengetedza chisimbiso chinoshanda chinopesana nekubuda kwemvura uchichengetedza kushanda kwemidziyo.
Rubber Bellows Seals
Rubber bellows seals imhando yemakanika chisimbiso chinoshandiswa muine mvura mukati memidziyo inotenderera, senge pombi uye musanganiswa.Izvi zvisimbiso zvinosanganisira elastic rubber bellows chinhu chinopa kuchinjika kugadzika shaft misalignment, deflection, uye kupera-kutamba.Iyo dhizaini yerubha mabhero mechanical seal inotenderera nekushandisa mabhero zvese sechitubu kuchengetedza kutarisana kwechiso uye zvakare sechinhu chine simba chekuisa chisimbiso.
Iko kushanduka-shanduka kwemabhero kunotsiva kusiyana kweaxial movement pasina kushungurudza zvisina kufanira pazviso zvechisimbiso, izvo zvakakosha pakuchengetedza kutendeseka kwechisimbiso chepamusoro panguva yekushanda.Uyezve, zvisimbiso izvi zvinobvisa kudiwa kwezvitubu zvekunze zvinogona kuvharwa neprocess fluid contaminants;nokudaro anonyanya kubatsira mukushandisa zvinosanganisira madhaka kana zvinwiwa zvine zvimedu zvakasimba.
Kana zvasvika pakusimba, zvisimbiso zverubha zvinoratidzira zvinoyemurika kupokana nemakemikari akawanda nekuda kwekuenderana kwawo nezvinhu zvakasiyana elastomeric.Saka nekudaro, pakusarudza rubber bellows chisimbiso kune chaiwo maapplication, zvakakosha kuti utarise zvese kuenderana kwemakemikari uye tembiricha yekushandisa.
Dhizaini yavo yakatwasuka kazhinji inosanganisira zvikamu zvishoma kana zvichienzaniswa nedzimwe mhando dzechisimbiso, izvo zvinokonzeresa kuderedza kutadza kunokonzerwa nekukanganisa kwegungano kana mamiriro ekushanda akaomarara.Kureruka uku kunobatsirawo kuti kugadzikwa uye kudhura-kureruka sezvo pasina akawanda akaomarara zvikamu zvinoda kurongeka kana kugadzirisa.
Muchidimbu, rubber bellows seals inomira pachena nekuda kwekushanda kwayo uye kushanda kwakasimba munzvimbo dzakasiyana siyana dzinosanganisira kusarongeka kana zvinwiwa zvine mitsetse.Kugona kwavo kugadzirisa maitiro akasiyana ekushanda pasina kupa chisimbiso kuvimbika kunoita kuti vave sarudzo yemuenzaniso mumhando dzakasiyana dzemaindasitiri dzinoda mhinduro dzakasimba dzemvura.
O-Ring Yakaiswa Zvisimbiso
O-Ring Yakaiswa Zvisimbiso imhando yemakanika chisimbiso inoshandisa o-mhete sechinhu chekutanga chekuisa chisimbiso.Iyi o-mhete inoiswa kazhinji padhayamita yekunze yechisimbiso uye yakagadzirirwa kupa simba rinodiwa rekuisa chisimbiso nekupindirana pakati pezvikamu zviviri.Zvisimbiso izvi zvakajairwa mumakina akasiyana siyana uko zvine mwero kusvika kudzvinyiriro yepamusoro zviripo, uye zvinofanirwa kunge zvichikwanisa kumirisana nemamiriro akasiyana siyana emakemikari uye tembiricha.
Iyo o-mhete muzvisimbiso izvi inogona kugadzirwa kubva kune dzakasiyana siyana elastomeric zvinhu, senge nitrile, silicone, kana fluoroelastomers, imwe neimwe yakasarudzwa zvichienderana nekuenderana nemvura iri kuvharwa uye mamiriro ekushanda.Izvo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekusarudzwa kwezvinhu zve-o-mhete zvinobvumira zvigadziriso zvakagadzirirwa zvakagadzirirwa kune chaiwo maindasitiri zvinodiwa.
Mukushandisa, O-Ring Yakaiswa Zvisimbiso inopa akati wandei mabhenefiti pamusoro pemamwe marudzi ezvisimbiso.Ivo vanowanzopa kuisirwa kuri nyore nekuda kweiyo nyore dhizaini.Iyo inoshanda yekuisa chisimbiso hunyanzvi inopihwa ne elastomeric o-mhete inoenderana nekusakwana kwepamusoro, ichiunza kuita kwakavimbika kunyangwe pasi pekumanikidzwa kwakasiyana uye tembiricha.Iko kusimba kwechimiro cheO-Ring Mounted Seals inoita kuti ive yakakodzera kune inotenderera shaft application uko axial kufamba kungaitika.
Kushandisa kwavo kunowanzo kuwanikwa mumapombi, musanganisi, agitators, compressors, uye zvimwe zvishandiso uko radial nzvimbo ine shoma asi yakavimbika yekuisa chisimbiso kuita kunodiwa.Maitirwo ekugadzirisa anowanzo sanganisira kutsiva kwakatwasuka kweakapfekwa o-mhete izvo zvinoita kuti mukurumbira wavo uchengetedze kushanda zvakanaka uye kuderedza nguva yekudzikira mukati mezvivakwa zvinoenderana nekuenderera mberi kwekushanda kwemichina.
Pakazere, iyi kupatsanurwa kwemakanika chisimbiso kunoita basa rakakosha mukuona kuti mvura ine mvura uye kudzivirira kubuda kunogona kukonzera kurasikirwa kwehupfumi uye njodzi dzinogona kuitika mumaindasitiri ezvekuita.
Mukupedzisa
Munyika yakaoma kunzwisisa yemakanika zvisimbiso, takafamba nemu labyrinth yezvikamu, imwe neimwe yakagadzirirwa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvekuisa chisimbiso uye mamiriro ekushanda.Kubva pakureruka kwekaturiji zvisimbiso kusvika pakusimba kwemixer uye agitor seals, kubva pakurongeka kwezvisimbiso zvakaenzanirana kusvika pakusimba kwezvisina kuenzana, uye kubva kune imwe chete kusvika kuviri magadzirirwo, kuongorora kwedu kwakaratidza kuti kune chisimbiso chinokodzera kurova kwemoyo kwemuchina wega wega.
Zvakasiyana-siyana semashandisirwo avanoshandira, zvisimbiso zvemakanika zvinomira sevarindi kuti zvisadonhe, zvichirinda michina nenzvimbo nekusimba kwavo kwakagadzirwa.Zvingave pasi pekumanikidzwa kukuru kana netsitsi dzezvinhu zvinoora, zvisimbiso izvi zvinoratidza kuti kupatsanura kunopfuura kungoita taxonomy - ndezvekufananidza tsandanyama kumishini.
Kana michina yako iri iro ropa rekushanda kwako, saka kusarudza chisimbiso chaicho kwakakosha kuchengetedza hutano hwavo uye kushanda nesimba.Chengetedza kutendeseka kwemidziyo yako nepfuti yakashongedzerwa - sarudza chisimbiso chemuchina chinotaura zvakananga kune zvaunoda.
Nguva yekutumira: Zvita-13-2023